论文标题
“红色超级巨人问题”：II型超新星祖细胞的上部光度边界
The `Red Supergiant Problem': the upper luminosity boundary of type-II supernova progenitors
论文作者
论文摘要
通过将红色超级（RSG）超新星祖细胞的特性与现场RSG的祖先进行比较，据称，没有亮度的祖细胞$ l $ l $上方$ \ log \ log \ log（l/l_ \ odot）> 5.2 $。这与$ \ log（l/l_ \ odot）= 5.5 $的RSG的经验上限限制处于紧张状态，结果称为“红色超级巨人问题”。这被解释为形成黑洞的上质量阈值的证据。在本文中，我们将观察到的RSG SN祖细胞的亮度与观察到的RSG $ L $ - 分布在麦哲伦云中。我们的结果表明，在当前样本中没有明亮的SN II-P/L祖细胞，至少可以部分通过$ L $分布和较小的样本量的陡度来解释，而红色超级问题的统计意义在1-2 $σ$之间。其次，我们将II-P/L祖细胞的发光度分布建模为具有上下截止的简单幂律，并找到$ \ log（l _ {\ rm hi}/l _ \ odot）= 5.20^{+0.17} _ { - 0.11} _ { - 0.11} $（68 \％$ 3）的上部发光度极限（l _ {\ rm hi}/l_ \ odot）= 5.20^{+0.17}从理论论点中得到期望。同样，结果表明RSG问题的重要性在$ \ sim2σ$之内。假设所有祖细胞都是单星演变的结果，这对应于$ m _ {\ rm hi} = 19.2 {\ rm m_ \ odot} $，$ m_ \ odot} $，$ \ pm1.3 {\ pm1.3 { m_ \ odot} $（随机）（68 \％置信度限制）。
By comparing the properties of Red Supergiant (RSG) supernova progenitors to those of field RSGs, it has been claimed that there is an absence of progenitors with luminosities $L$ above $\log(L/L_\odot) > 5.2$. This is in tension with the empirical upper luminosity limit of RSGs at $\log(L/L_\odot) = 5.5$, a result known as the `Red Supergiant Problem'. This has been interpreted as evidence for an upper mass threshold for the formation of black-holes. In this paper, we compare the observed luminosities of RSG SN progenitors with the observed RSG $L$-distribution in the Magellanic Clouds. Our results indicate that the absence of bright SN II-P/L progenitors in the current sample can be explained at least in part by the steepness of the $L$-distribution and a small sample size, and that the statistical significance of the Red Supergiant Problem is between 1-2$σ$ . Secondly, we model the luminosity distribution of II-P/L progenitors as a simple power-law with an upper and lower cutoff, and find an upper luminosity limit of $\log(L_{\rm hi}/L_\odot) = 5.20^{+0.17}_{-0.11}$ (68\% confidence), though this increases to $\sim$5.3 if one fixes the power-law slope to be that expected from theoretical arguments. Again, the results point to the significance of the RSG Problem being within $\sim 2 σ$. Under the assumption that all progenitors are the result of single-star evolution, this corresponds to an upper mass limit for the parent distribution of $M_{\rm hi} = 19.2{\rm M_\odot}$, $\pm1.3 {\rm M_\odot (systematic)}$, $^{+4.5}_{-2.3} {\rm M_\odot}$ (random) (68\% confidence limits).
