论文标题
原始黑洞的限制
Constraints on Primordial Black Holes
论文作者
论文摘要
我们更新了可能已进入原始黑洞（PBH）质量范围$ 10^{ - 5} \ text { - } 10^{50^{50} $ g的宇宙分数的约束。 Those smaller than $\sim 10^{15}$ g would have evaporated by now due to Hawking radiation, so their abundance at formation is constrained by the effects of evaporated particles on big bang nucleosynthesis, the cosmic microwave background (CMB), the Galactic and extragalactic $γ$-ray and cosmic ray backgrounds and the possible generation of stable Planck mass relics.大于$ \ sim 10^{15} $ g的PBH受到与重力透镜，动力学效应，对大规模结构，积聚和重力波的影响相关的各种约束。我们讨论了在每个质量尺度上PBHS中CDM的初始崩溃部分和当前比例的限制，但是强调许多约束与观察性或理论不确定性相关。我们还考虑与原始密度波动的幅度相关的间接约束，例如二阶张量扰动和$μ$ $ $延伸，如果pbhs是由pbhs产生的，它是由pbhs产生的，是由高 - $σ$σ$σ$σ$ pears产生的。最后，我们讨论如果PBH具有扩展的质量函数，如何修改约束，如果PBH提供了暗物质，Ligo/Pirgo Colescences和用于宇宙结构的种子，则这是相关的。即使PBHS对暗物质做出了很小的贡献，它们也可以发挥重要的宇宙作用，并提供对早期宇宙的独特探测。
We update the constraints on the fraction of the Universe that may have gone into primordial black holes (PBHs) over the mass range $10^{-5}\text{--}10^{50}$ g. Those smaller than $\sim 10^{15}$ g would have evaporated by now due to Hawking radiation, so their abundance at formation is constrained by the effects of evaporated particles on big bang nucleosynthesis, the cosmic microwave background (CMB), the Galactic and extragalactic $γ$-ray and cosmic ray backgrounds and the possible generation of stable Planck mass relics. PBHs larger than $\sim 10^{15}$ g are subject to a variety of constraints associated with gravitational lensing, dynamical effects, influence on large-scale structure, accretion and gravitational waves. We discuss the constraints on both the initial collapse fraction and the current fraction of the CDM in PBHs at each mass scale but stress that many of the constraints are associated with observational or theoretical uncertainties. We also consider indirect constraints associated with the amplitude of the primordial density fluctuations, such as second-order tensor perturbations and $μ$-distortions arising from the effect of acoustic reheating on the CMB, if PBHs are created from the high-$σ$ peaks of nearly Gaussian fluctuations. Finally we discuss how the constraints are modified if the PBHs have an extended mass function, this being relevant if PBHs provide some combination of the dark matter, the LIGO/Virgo coalescences and the seeds for cosmic structure. Even if PBHs make a small contribution to the dark matter, they could play an important cosmological role and provide a unique probe of the early Universe.
