HPK原型LGAD传感器的布局和性能

论文标题

HPK原型LGAD传感器的布局和性能

Layout and Performance of HPK Prototype LGAD Sensors for the High-Granularity Timing Detector

论文作者

Yang, X., Alderweireldt, S., Atanov, N., Ayoub, M. K., da Costa, J. Barreiro Guimaraes, Garcia, L. Castillo, Chen, H., Christie, S., Cindro, V., Cui, H., D'Amen, G., Davydov, Y., Fan, Y. Y., Galloway, Z., Ge, J. J., Gee, C., Giacomini, G., Gkougkousis, E. L., Grieco, C., Grinstein, S., Grosse-Knetter, J., Guindon, S., Han, S., Howard, A., Huang, Y. P., Jin, Y., Jing, M. Q., Kiuchi, R., Kramberger, G., Kuwertz, E., Labitan, C., Lange, J., Leite, M., Li, C. H., Li, Q. Y., Liu, B., Liu, J. Y., Liu, Y. W., Liang, H., Liang, Z. J., Lockerby, M., Lyu, F., Mandić, I., Martinez-Mckinney, F., Mazza, S. M., Mikuž, M., Padilla, R., Qi, B. H., Quadt, A., Ran, K. L., Ren, H., Rizzi, C., Rossi, E., Sadrozinski, H. F. -W., Saito, G. T., Schumm, B., Schwickardi, M., Seiden, A., Shan, L. Y., Shi, L. S., Shi, X., Ferreira, A. Soares Canas, Sun, Y. J., Tan, Y. H., Tricoli, A., Wan, G. Y., Wilder, M., Wu, K. W., Wyatt, W., Xiao, S. Y., Yang, T., Yang, Y. Z., Yu, C. J., Zhao, L., Zhao, M., Zhao, Y., Zhao, Z. G., Zheng, X. X., Zhuang, X. A.

论文摘要

高粒度定时检测器是针对Atlas II期升级提出的检测器。基于低增益雪崩检测器（LGAD）技术的检测器将覆盖2.4 <|η| <4.0 $ $ 2.4 <| <4.0 $，每侧有两个端盖，总面积为6.4 $ m^2 $。可以通过植入可以以快速上升边缘产生信号的内部增益层来改善时序性能，从而显着提高信号噪声比。最低离子化粒子的每条轨道所需的平均定时分辨率在开始时为30 ps，在HL-LHC操作结束时为50 ps。这是通过几层LGAD实现的。检测器的最内向区域将累积1 MeV-Neutron等效的通量，最高$ 2.5 \ times 10^{15} cm^{ - 2} $，然后在预定的关闭期间被更换。预计该新检测器的添加在减轻HL-LHC的高堆积中起重要作用。 Hamamatsu（HPK）生产的各种版本的LGAD原型的布局和性能已由Atlas Collaboration进行了研究。已经测量了分解电压，耗尽电压，PAD间隙，收集的电荷以及时间分辨率，并评估了大尺寸传感器的生产率。

The High-Granularity Timing Detector is a detector proposed for the ATLAS Phase II upgrade. The detector, based on the Low-Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) technology will cover the pseudo-rapidity region of $2.4<|η|<4.0$ with two end caps on each side and a total area of 6.4 $m^2$. The timing performance can be improved by implanting an internal gain layer that can produce signal with a fast rising edge, which improve significantly the signal-to-noise ratio. The required average timing resolution per track for a minimum-ionising particle is 30 ps at the start and 50 ps at the end of the HL-LHC operation. This is achieved with several layers of LGAD. The innermost region of the detector would accumulate a 1 MeV-neutron equivalent fluence up to $2.5 \times 10^{15} cm^{-2}$ before being replaced during the scheduled shutdowns. The addition of this new detector is expected to play an important role in the mitigation of high pile-up at the HL-LHC. The layout and performance of the various versions of LGAD prototypes produced by Hamamatsu (HPK) have been studied by the ATLAS Collaboration. The breakdown voltages, depletion voltages, inter-pad gaps, collected charge as well as the time resolution have been measured and the production yield of large size sensors has been evaluated.

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