论文标题
免疫防御中卤素物种的反应周期：对人类健康和疾病的影响以及COVID-19的病理和治疗
Reaction Cycles of Halogen Species in the Immune Defense: Implications for Human Health and Diseases and the Pathology and Treatment of COVID-19
论文作者
论文摘要
COVID-19没有疫苗或特异性抗病毒治疗。目前的一个重点是重新利用研究，但是这些药物的治疗效率有限和已知的不良影响。 Covid-19的病理本质上是未知的。因此，发现成功批准用于临床使用的治疗方法是一项挑战。本文介绍了活性氧，卤素和氮种（ROS，RHS和RN）的几个关键生物学过程，这些过程在从植物到人类的生物体中起着至关重要的生理作用。 These include why superoxide dismutases, the enzymes to catalyze the formation of H2O2, are required for protecting ROS-induced injury in cell metabolism, why the amount of ROS/RNS produced by ionizing radiation at clinically relevant doses is ~1000 fold lower than the endogenous ROS/RNS level routinely produced in the cell and why a low level of endogenous RHS plays a crucial role in吞噬作用以进行免疫防御。在此，我们提出了免疫防御中的合理扩增机制：臭氧样卤素循环反应增强RHS效应均导致所有上述生理功能，这些功能被H2O2激活，并被无信号分子禁用。我们的结果表明，可以重复数千次反应周期，并通过100,000倍的吞噬作用在吞噬作用中扩增RHS病原体杀死（防御）效应，类似于平流层中的环状臭氧反应。可以阐明H2O2是人类健康及其功能障碍的防护系统所需的保护性信号分子（Angel）会导致许多疾病或疾病，例如自身免疫性疾病，衰老和癌症。我们还确定了一类有效药物，可有效治疗入侵病原体，例如HIV和SARS-COV-2（COVID-19），癌症和其他疾病，并提供了药物或候选者的分子作用机理。
There is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19. One current focus is drug repurposing research, but those drugs have limited therapeutic efficacies and known adverse effects. The pathology of COVID-19 is essentially unknown. It is therefore challenging to discover a successful treatment to be approved for clinical use. This paper addresses several key biological processes of reactive oxygen, halogen and nitrogen species (ROS, RHS and RNS) that play crucial physiological roles in organisms from plants to humans. These include why superoxide dismutases, the enzymes to catalyze the formation of H2O2, are required for protecting ROS-induced injury in cell metabolism, why the amount of ROS/RNS produced by ionizing radiation at clinically relevant doses is ~1000 fold lower than the endogenous ROS/RNS level routinely produced in the cell and why a low level of endogenous RHS plays a crucial role in phagocytosis for immune defense. Herein we propose a plausible amplification mechanism in immune defense: ozone-depleting-like halogen cyclic reactions enhancing RHS effects are responsible for all the mentioned physiological functions, which are activated by H2O2 and deactivated by NO signaling molecule. Our results show that the reaction cycles can be repeated thousands of times and amplify the RHS pathogen-killing (defense) effects by 100,000 fold in phagocytosis, resembling the cyclic ozone-depleting reactions in the stratosphere. It is unraveled that H2O2 is a required protective signaling molecule (angel) in the defense system for human health and its dysfunction can cause many diseases or conditions such as autoimmune disorders, aging and cancer. We also identify a class of potent drugs for effective treatment of invading pathogens such as HIV and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), cancer and other diseases, and provide a molecular mechanism of action of the drugs or candidates.
