论文标题

在异质种群中模仿的进化矩阵游戏动力学

Evolutionary Matrix-Game Dynamics Under Imitation in Heterogeneous Populations

论文作者

Fu, Yiheng, Ramazi, Pouria

论文摘要

决策人员通常会因有限的理性和不完整的信息而模仿他们最高的人的伙伴,而不是优化自己的公用事业。据报道,决策之间的永久波动是模仿行为的主要渐近结果,但几乎没有尝试表征它们,尤其是在异质种群中。我们研究了有限混杂的异质人群,在两种策略,合作和叛逃之间选择的个体,以及根据他们的回报矩阵而获得的,这是每个人所独有的。在每个时间步骤中,任意个人通过模仿人口中最高收入者而活跃于更新她的决定。我们表明,从长远来看,几乎可以肯定的是,动力学达到平衡状态或最小不变的集合,即波动集。除了找到所有平衡外,我们还首次表征了波动集,为它们的存在提供了必要和足够的条件,并近似其吸引人的盆地。我们还发现,参与协调的个人或囚犯的困境游戏的独家人群总是平衡的,这意味着模仿人群中的周期和非纠正是由于个人在玩抗情游戏。此外,我们表明,除了所有个人都采用相同策略的两个极端平衡之外,只要人口是异质的,几乎所有其他平衡都不稳定。从理论上讲,我们的结果早期报道了模拟结果,并为模仿行为的有限理性性质提供了新的启示。

Decision-making individuals often imitate their highest-earning fellows rather than optimize their own utilities, due to bounded rationality and incomplete information. Perpetual fluctuations between decisions have been reported as the dominant asymptotic outcome of imitative behaviors, yet little attempt has been made to characterize them, particularly in heterogeneous populations. We study a finite well-mixed heterogeneous population of individuals choosing between the two strategies, cooperation and defection, and earning based on their payoff matrices that can be unique to each individual. At each time step, an arbitrary individual becomes active to update her decision by imitating the highest earner in the population. We show that almost surely the dynamics reach either an equilibrium state or a minimal positively invariant set, a fluctuation set, in the long run. In addition to finding all equilibria, for the first time, we characterize the fluctuation sets, provide necessary and sufficient conditions for their existence, and approximate their basins of attraction. We also find that exclusive populations of individuals playing coordination or prisoner's dilemma games always equilibrate, implying that cycles and non-convergence in imitative populations are due to individuals playing anticoordination games. Moreover, we show that except for the two extreme equilibria where all individuals play the same strategy, almost all other equilibria are unstable as long as the population is heterogeneous. Our results theoretically explain earlier reported simulation results and shed new light on the boundedly rational nature of imitation behaviors.

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