论文标题
对比特币闪电网络的可用性和可靠性特性的实证研究
An empirical study of availability and reliability properties of the Bitcoin Lightning Network
论文作者
论文摘要
比特币闪电网络是一种机制,可以在节点之间使用对等点(P2P)通道快速且廉价的链比特币交易,这也可以组成到路由路径中。尽管最终可能的频道图是经过深入研究的,但由于能够在给定的时间内成功地付款,但没有关于网络可靠性的经验数据。在本文中,我们解决了这一差距,并研究了两种可用性,这是实现此类可靠性的必要成分。我们首先研究了闪电网络在大多数可用渠道上将各种规模付款的几乎每个参与节点的付款路线路由的能力。我们建立了付款量与成功率之间的反比关系,并表明只能成功达到目的地节点的大约三分之一。该路由受到瞬态和永久性的许多可能错误的阻碍。然后,我们在纵向上研究网络中节点的可用性,并确定它们的寿命长。网络中的流失实际上很低,并且在云提供商上托管了相当数量的节点。通过测试节点livices,我们发现传播的网络信息相对较陈旧,但是,对于IP地址和Tor洋葱地址而言。我们提供建议如何改善闪电网络,包括一方面的隐私与权力下放之间的权衡以及另一方面的可靠性,至少应由社区重新考虑开发闪电网络。
The Bitcoin Lightning network is a mechanism to enable fast and inexpensive off-chain Bitcoin transactions using peer-to-peer (P2P) channels between nodes that can also be composed into a routing path. Although the resulting possible channel graphs are well-studied, there is no empirical data on the network's reliability in terms of being able to successfully route payments at a given moment in time. In this paper we address this gap and investigate two forms of availability that are a necessary ingredient to achieve such reliability. We first study the Lightning network's ability to route payments of various sizes to nearly every participating node, over most available channels. We establish an inverse relationship between payment volume and success rate and show that at best only about a third of destination nodes can be successfully reached. The routing is hampered by a number of possible errors, both transient and permanent. We then study the availability of nodes in the network longitudinally and determine how long-lived they are. Churn in the network is actually low, and a considerable number of nodes are hosted on cloud providers. By testing node liveness, we find that the propagated network information is relatively often stale, however, both for IP addresses and Tor onion addresses. We provide recommendations how the Lightning network can be improved, including considerations which trade-offs between privacy and decentralization on the one hand and reliability on the other hand should at least be reconsidered by the community developing the Lightning network.