论文标题
所有状态都是量子热力学中的通用催化剂
All states are universal catalysts in quantum thermodynamics
论文作者
论文摘要
量子催化是一个引人入胜的概念，它表明只有在访问必须不受影响的特定资源的访问权限时，才有可能成为可能。它最初是在纠缠理论的背景下发现的，此后应用于许多资源理论框架，包括量子热力学。尽管在这种情况下，已知（有时也有时也足够的）催化剂的条件（有时也足够），但对于转换所需的催化剂状态的精确形式几乎一无所知。特别是，目前尚不清楚它是否必须具有一些特殊的属性或对所需的转换进行细微调整。在这项工作中，我们描述了多拷贝状态的一个令人惊讶的属性：我们表明，在大分化管理的资源理论中，所有足智多谋的状态都是所有允许转换的催化剂。在量子热力学中，这意味着所谓的“热力学第二定律”不需要微调的催化剂，而是任何状态，如果有足够多的副本，则可以用作有用的催化剂。这些分析结果伴随着几项数值研究，这些研究表明，多拷贝形式和较大的尺寸催化剂都不需要催化激活大多数允许的转换。
Quantum catalysis is a fascinating concept which demonstrates that certain transformations can only become possible when given access to a specific resource that has to be returned unaffected. It was first discovered in the context of entanglement theory and since then applied in a number of resource-theoretic frameworks, including quantum thermodynamics. Although in that case the necessary (and sometimes also sufficient) conditions on the existence of a catalyst are known, almost nothing is known about the precise form of the catalyst state required by the transformation. In particular, it is not clear whether it has to have some special properties or be finely tuned to the desired transformation. In this work we describe a surprising property of multi-copy states: we show that in resource theories governed by majorization all resourceful states are catalysts for all allowed transformations. In quantum thermodynamics this means that the so-called "second laws of thermodynamics" do not require a fine-tuned catalyst but rather any state, given sufficiently many copies, can serve as a useful catalyst. These analytic results are accompanied by several numerical investigations that indicate that neither a multi-copy form nor a very large dimension catalyst are required to activate most allowed transformations catalytically.
