论文标题

超高行星开普勒-79D的无功能红外传输频谱

A Featureless Infrared Transmission Spectrum for the Super-Puff Planet Kepler-79d

论文作者

Chachan, Yayaati, Jontof-Hutter, Daniel, Knutson, Heather A., Adams, Danica, Gao, Peter, Benneke, Björn, Berta-Thompson, Zachory, Dai, Fei, Deming, Drake, Ford, Eric, Lee, Eve J., Libby-Roberts, Jessica E., Madhusudhan, Nikku, Wakeford, Hannah R., Wong, Ian

论文摘要

极低的密度行星(“超级羽毛”)是过境行星种群中的一个小但有趣的子集。群众处于超收入范围($ 1-10 $ m $ _ {\ oplus} $)和半径类似于巨型行星($> 4 $> 4 $ r $ _ {\ oplus} $),它们的大型信封可能已经超出了水线,许多人似乎很容易造成猫量损失。可以使用传输光谱探索水的存在和质量损失的重要性。在这里,我们提供了新的HST WFC3光谱,并为Super-Puff Kepler-79D更新的开普勒传输深度测量。我们没有在$ 1.1-1.7 $ $ $ $ M WFC3带通中检测到任何分子吸收特征,而开普勒和WFC3数据的组合与扁平线模型一致,表明大气中存在气溶胶。我们将Kepler-79D传输光谱的形状与来自微物理雾度模型的预测进行了比较,该模型融合了由于持续的质量损失而导致的外向粒子通量。我们发现,光化学HAZE提供了一个有吸引力的解释,例如Kepler-79D(Kepler-79d)的观察到的特性,因为它们同时呈现了近红外光谱,并通过移动测得的半径(在过境期间的光学深度统一表面)将其推断的封底质量损失率降低到较低压力。我们重新审视了超级阵容的质量损失率更广泛的问题,发现如果Hazes将Photosphere从通常假定的$ \ sim 10 $ MBAR的典型压力转移到$ \ sim 10 \,则可以调和大多数超级损失的年龄估计和质量损失率; μ$ bar。

Extremely low density planets ('super-puffs') are a small but intriguing subset of the transiting planet population. With masses in the super-Earth range ($1-10$ M$_{\oplus}$) and radii akin to those of giant planets ($>4$ R$_{\oplus}$), their large envelopes may have been accreted beyond the water snow line and many appear to be susceptible to catastrophic mass loss. Both the presence of water and the importance of mass loss can be explored using transmission spectroscopy. Here, we present new HST WFC3 spectroscopy and updated Kepler transit depth measurements for the super-puff Kepler-79d. We do not detect any molecular absorption features in the $1.1-1.7$ $μ$m WFC3 bandpass and the combination of Kepler and WFC3 data are consistent with a flat line model, indicating the presence of aerosols in the atmosphere. We compare the shape of Kepler-79d's transmission spectrum to predictions from a microphysical haze model that incorporates an outward particle flux due to ongoing mass loss. We find that photochemical hazes offer an attractive explanation for the observed properties of super-puffs like Kepler-79d, as they simultaneously render the near-infrared spectrum featureless and reduce the inferred envelope mass loss rate by moving the measured radius (optical depth unity surface during transit) to lower pressures. We revisit the broader question of mass loss rates for super-puffs and find that the age estimates and mass loss rates for the majority of super-puffs can be reconciled if hazes move the photosphere from the typically assumed pressure of $\sim 10$ mbar to $\sim 10 \; μ$bar.

扫码加入交流群

加入微信交流群

微信交流群二维码

扫码加入学术交流群,获取更多资源