论文标题

实验性相对论零知识证明

Experimental relativistic zero-knowledge proofs

论文作者

Alikhani, Pouriya, Brunner, Nicolas, Crépeau, Claude, Designolle, Sébastien, Houlmann, Raphaël, Shi, Weixu, Yang, Nan, Zbinden, Hugo

论文摘要

在我们基于信息的时代,保护秘密是一个关键挑战。但是,在常见的情况下,揭示秘密似乎是不可避免的。反过来,这在不可能但并非不现实的情况下可能会产生高度不良的后果。这自然提出了一个问题,即披露秘密是从根本上来说对于确定自己是必要的,还是更普遍地证明陈述是正确的。计算机科学的发展通过零知识证明的概念提供了一种优雅的解决方案:供奉献者可以说服某个声明的有效性的验证者,而无需促进证明的阐述。在这项工作中,我们报告了这种零知识方案的实验实现,涉及两个分离的验证者对。安全性是通过特殊相对论的物理原理执行的,不需要计算假设(例如单向函数的存在)。我们的实施仅依靠现成的设备,并在短距离(60 m)和长距离($ \ geqslant $ 400 m)的情况下工作。这证明了多方零知识协议的实际潜力,这有望用于标识任务和区块链应用程序,例如加密货币或智能合约。

Protecting secrets is a key challenge in our contemporary information-based era. In common situations, however, revealing secrets appears unavoidable, for instance, when identifying oneself in a bank to retrieve money. In turn, this may have highly undesirable consequences in the unlikely, yet not unrealistic, case where the bank's security gets compromised. This naturally raises the question of whether disclosing secrets is fundamentally necessary for identifying oneself, or more generally for proving a statement to be correct. Developments in computer science provide an elegant solution via the concept of zero-knowledge proofs: a prover can convince a verifier of the validity of a certain statement without facilitating the elaboration of a proof at all. In this work, we report the experimental realisation of such a zero-knowledge protocol involving two separated verifier-prover pairs. Security is enforced via the physical principle of special relativity, and no computational assumption (such as the existence of one-way functions) is required. Our implementation exclusively relies on off-the-shelf equipment and works at both short (60 m) and long distances ($\geqslant$400 m) in about one second. This demonstrates the practical potential of multi-prover zero-knowledge protocols, promising for identification tasks and blockchain applications such as cryptocurrencies or smart contracts.

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