论文标题

从巨大的黄色超级巨星中的100年时间尺度上的多个壳弹出

Multiple shell ejections on a 100 yr timescale from a massive yellow hypergiant

论文作者

Oudmaijer, René D., Koumpia, Evgenia

论文摘要

这项贡献着重于红色后超级巨人类别的罕见例子,即IRAS 17163-3907,这是炸鸡蛋星云的中心之星。特别是,我们详细讨论了一些最近发布的结果。使用VLTI的重力仪器(2 $μ$ m)在毫米分辨率下探测了该演化量巨星的间隔环境的内部部分(2 $μ$ m),而较大的,弧度的尺度是由Visir衍射量探测到的,尺度是由Visir diffaction Limited Importimim limite Images M $ m $ M $ m $ m $ m $ m,补充了完整的频谱能量。光谱间距数据涵盖了重要的诊断线(BR $γ$,Na I),我们能够在空间上约束。传统上,向该类别的其他物体解释了Na I Doublet的存在和大小。在这项研究中,我们表明,局部热平衡中的两区模型可以重现在K波段中观察到的发射线的大小和强度,而无需伪圈层。此外,我们发现了存在第三个热内壳的证据,并证明了大约过去一个世纪的恒星至少经历了三个质量损失的发作。为了解释观察到的非稳态质量损失的特性,我们探索了脉动驱动的和线驱动的质量损失,并引入了双稳定性跳跃,作为一种可能的基本机制,可以向黄色超级巨人解释质量损失。

This contribution focuses on a rare example of the class of post-Red Supergiants, IRAS 17163-3907, the central star of the Fried Egg nebula. In particular, we discuss some of our recently published results in detail. The inner parts of the circumstellar environment of this evolved massive star are probed at milli-arcsec resolution using VLTI's GRAVITY instrument operating in the K-band (2 $μ$m), while larger, arcsecond, scales are probed by VISIR diffraction limited images around 10 $μ$m, supplemented by a complete Spectral Energy Distribution. The spectro-interferometric data cover important diagnostic lines (Br$γ$, Na I), which we are able to constrain spatially. Both the presence and size of the Na I doublet in emission has been traditionally challenging to explain towards other objects of this class. In this study we show that a two-zone model in Local Thermal Equilibrium can reproduce both the observed sizes and strengths of the emission lines observed in the K-band, without the need of a pseudo-photosphere. In addition, we find evidence for the presence of a third hot inner shell, and demonstrate that the star has undergone at least three mass-loss episodes over roughly the past century. To explain the properties of the observed non-steady mass-loss we explore pulsation-driven and line-driven mass-loss and introduce the bi-stability jump as a possible underlying mechanism to explain mass-loss towards Yellow Hypergiants.

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