论文标题
宇宙如何推迟蒸发和减少黑洞的量子扩散
How the Universe postpones the evaporation and curtails the quantum spreading of black holes
论文作者
论文摘要
预计黑洞将通过鹰辐射的过程蒸发。预计此过程会导致黑洞位置的不确定性在其一生的过程中成长为$ \ sim m^2/m_ {pl}^3 $，即使它的动量仅通过$ \ sim m_ {pl} $传播。对于已观察到的黑洞，具有$ m \ geq m_ \ odot $，这大大超过了哈勃体积。但是，黑洞的衰变及其量子扩散在宇宙中被延迟，而能量涌入黑洞则超过了其小贩的光度。我们表明，对于这些$ m \ geq m_ \ odot $黑洞，它们的衰变在星系和簇外的衰减远远超过了黑洞的时间远远超出了哈勃地平线的范围，在那里，它们的最终衰变来自任何没有与他们搭配骑车的观察者的偷眼的眼睛。同时，观察者的星系或簇中的黑洞本身是阻止了很长一段恒星的灭绝，至少直到他们的星系/簇被扫除，以$ \ gg 10^{25} $ y扫过暗物质。即使那样，如果黑洞变成未结合，它们会被拖到哈勃半径之外，然后再经历巨大的衰变。如果没有，它们保留在绑定的轨道中，最多在星系/群集的子体积上散布，并长期通过散射到较小的体积上。
Black holes are expected to evaporate through the process of Hawking radiation. This process is expected to cause the uncertainty in a black hole's position to grow to $\sim M^2/M_{Pl}^3$ over the course of it's lifetime, even as its momentum spreads only by $\sim M_{Pl}$. For the black holes that have been observed, which have $M\geq M_\odot$, this greatly exceeds the Hubble volume. However, the decay of black holes and their quantum spreading, are delayed in the Universe while the influx of energy into the black holes exceeds their Hawking luminosity. We show that for these $M\geq M_\odot$ black holes, their decay outside galaxies and clusters is prevented far longer than it takes the black holes to be dragged well beyond the Hubble horizon, where their eventual decay occurs away from the prying eyes of any observer who has not hitched a ride with them. Meanwhile, black holes in an observer's galaxy or cluster are themselves prevented from decaying long past the extinction of the last stars, and at least until their galaxy/cluster is swept clean of dark matter, in $\gg 10^{25}$y. Even then, if the black holes become unbound they are dragged beyond the Hubble radius before undergoing significant decay; if not, they remain in bound orbits, spreading at most over a subvolume of the galaxy/cluster, and long localized by scatterings to much smaller volumes.
