论文标题

全球近海风吹拍卖的政策选择和结果

Policy choices and outcomes for offshore wind auctions globally

论文作者

Jansen, Malte, Beiter, Philipp, Riepin, Iegor, Muesgens, Felix, Guajardo-Fajardo, Victor Juarez, Staffell, Iain, Bulder, Bernard, Kitzing, Lena

论文摘要

海上风能正在迅速扩大,主要通过政府的拍卖来促进。我们提供了详细的应用拍卖方案的详细概述,包括地理位置传播,体积,结果和设计规范。我们全面的全球数据集揭示了异质设计。尽管大多数薪酬设计提供了某种形式的收入稳定,但其特定仪器选择也有所不同,包括税收关税,差额的单面和双面合同,差额,强制性购买协议以及要求的可再生能源证书。我们回顾了欧洲,亚洲和北美所有八个主要海上风管司法管辖区使用的计划,并评估其管辖范围的竞标。我们分析了成本竞争力,及时建设的可能性,战略招标的发生,并确定可能影响拍卖结果的管辖权方面。我们发现,拍卖嵌入了各自的监管和市场设计环境中,尽管具有区域相似之处,但却非常多样化。随着时间的流逝,每个司法管辖区的拍卖都在发展,并且往往会更加面临市场价格风险。不太成熟的市场更容易使用低风险的设计。尽管如此,无论具体的政策选择如何,在这里分析的所有拍卖的海上风能农场都采用了某种形式的收入稳定。我们的数据证实了成本下降和拍卖制度扩散的巧合。

Offshore wind energy is rapidly expanding, facilitated largely through auctions run by governments. We provide a detailed quantified overview of applied auction schemes, including geographical spread, volumes, results, and design specifications. Our comprehensive global dataset reveals heterogeneous designs. Although most remuneration designs provide some form of revenue stabilisation, their specific instrument choices vary and include feed-in tariffs, one-sided and two-sided contracts for difference, mandated power purchase agreements, and mandated renewable energy certificates. We review the schemes used in all eight major offshore wind jurisdictions across Europe, Asia, and North America and evaluate bids in their jurisdictional context. We analyse cost competitiveness, likelihood of timely construction, occurrence of strategic bidding, and identify jurisdictional aspects that might have influenced auction results. We find that auctions are embedded within their respective regulatory and market design context, and are remarkably diverse, though with regional similarities. Auctions in each jurisdiction have evolved and tend to become more exposed to market price risks over time. Less mature markets are more prone to make use of lower-risk designs. Still, some form of revenue stabilisation is employed for all auctioned offshore wind energy farms analysed here, regardless of the specific policy choices. Our data confirm a coincidence of declining costs and growing diffusion of auction regimes.

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