论文标题
尘土刺激的红色超级巨人的极度稀缺：通过风产生剥离的星星的后果
The extreme scarcity of dust-enshrouded red supergiants: consequences for producing stripped stars via winds
论文作者
论文摘要
红色超级巨人（RSG）期间的静止质量损失已显示出远低于单星进化模型中通常使用的处方。重要的是，RSG风太弱，无法推动狼射线（WRS）和剥离的envelope Supernovae（Se-Sne）的产量，最初的质量约为20--40 $ M _ {\ odot} $。如果单星是制造WR和Se-Sne，这将使大规模损失的负担转移到稀有的尘埃刺激的RSG（DE-RSG），声称代表短寿命的高质量损失阶段的对象。在这里，我们仔细看看所谓的DE-RSG。通过对LMC中RSG的完整样本进行模拟，我们发现只有一个RSG具有高质量损失率（\ mdot $ \ ge $ 10 $ 10 $^{ - 4} $ $ m _ {\ odot} $ yr $^{ - 1} $^{ - 1} $）和高光学的castellar dustellar dustellar dustellar dustellar dustellar dustellar gundection（7.92 agrigtion（7.92）。这个RSG是WOH G64，它是最初提议的DE-RSG中唯一的灰尘中唯一的一个。其余的似乎是没有强红外透气的正常RSG，或者是低质量渐近巨型分支（AGB）恒星。 RSG的完整目录中只有一个附加对象（以前未被识别为DE-RSG）显示出强大的MID-IR过量。我们得出的结论是，如果DE-RSG确实代表了单星中增强的\ mdot \的前SN阶段，则它是非常短暂的，只能删除材料的$ \ leq $ 2 \ msun \。这排除了为生产WR，LBV和SE-SN生产的单星后RSG途径。单星模型不应基于这些极端对象对RSG阶段的任何显着部分采用\ MDOT标记。
Quiescent mass-loss during the red supergiant (RSG) phase has been shown to be far lower than prescriptions typically employed in single-star evolutionary models. Importantly, RSG winds are too weak to drive the production of Wolf-Rayets (WRs) and stripped-envelope supernovae (SE-SNe) at initial masses of roughly 20--40$M_{\odot}$. If single-stars are to make WRs and SE-SNe, this shifts the burden of mass-loss to rare dust-enshrouded RSGs (DE-RSGs), objects claimed to represent a short-lived high mass-loss phase. Here, we take a fresh look at the purported DE-RSGs. By modeling the mid-IR excesses of the full sample of RSGs in the LMC, we find that only one RSG has both a high mass-loss rate (\mdot $\ge$ 10$^{-4}$ $M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$) and a high optical circumstellar dust extinction (7.92 mag). This one RSG is WOH G64, and it is the only one of the 14 originally proposed DE-RSGs that is actually dust enshrouded. The rest appear to be either normal RSGs without strong infrared-excess, or lower-mass asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. Only one additional object in the full catalog of RSGs (not previously identified as a DE-RSG) shows strong mid-IR excess. We conclude that if DE-RSGs do represent a pre-SN phase of enhanced \mdot\ in single-stars, it is extremely short-lived, only capable of removing $\leq$2\msun\ of material. This rules out the single-star post-RSG pathway for the production of WRs, LBVs, and SE-SN. Single-star models should not employ \mdot-prescriptions based on these extreme objects for any significant fraction of the RSG phase.
