论文标题
光电探测器，近差仪器和仪器自主权原理
The photodetector, the heterodyne instrument, and the principle of instrument autonomy
论文作者
论文摘要
测量工具，尤其是随着时间的推移不断观察的工具，对它们的现实与刺激其感官的国家无关。这是仪器自主权的原则。尽管工具的数学概念隐含地体现了这一原则，但对持续观察的常规分析已完全集中在国家进化上，而不是对仪器本身的描述。因此，很难理解，在有限的时间内观察的工具具有自身的演变，这是在诞生规则和测量系统的Schrödinger方程之前的随机演变。在本文中，对持续观察仪器中最有建立的两个仪器，Srinivas-Davies光电探测器和Goetsch-Graham-Wiseman Heterodyne探测器进行了审查，重点是通过应用最近引入的Kraus-operator分布功能来定义其定义的自动仪器演变。然后，指出了杂化仪器演变是如何完全替代了能量量化的原始概念的替代方法，其中\ emph {温度}和\ emph {state}的通常思想被\ emph {state}替换为\ emph {time} and \ emph {potivitive and potivitivity ost \ emph}}。
Measuring instruments, especially ones that observe continually over time, have a reality to them that is independent of the states that stimulate their senses. This is the Principle of Instrument Autonomy. Although the mathematical concept of an instrument implicitly embodies this principle, the conventional analysis of continual observation has become overwhelmingly focused on state evolution rather than on descriptions of instruments themselves. Because of this, it can be hard to appreciate that an instrument that observes for a finite amount of time has an evolution of its own, a stochastic evolution that precedes the Born rule and Schrödinger equation of the measured system. In this article, the two most established of the continually observing instruments, the Srinivas-Davies photodetector and the Goetsch-Graham-Wiseman heterodyne detector, are reviewed with an emphasis on the autonomous instrument evolution they define, made explicit by application of the recently introduced Kraus-operator distribution function. It is then pointed out how the heterodyne instrument evolution is a complete alternative to the original idea of energy quantization, where the usual ideas of \emph{temperature} and \emph{energy} of a \emph{state} are replaced by the \emph{time} and \emph{positivity} of the \emph{instrument}.
