论文标题

细胞骨架凝胶收缩的能量学

Energetics of Cytoskeletal Gel Contraction

论文作者

Ferraresso, Matteo, Kong, Albert, Hasan, Mehadi, Elfring, Gwynn J., Agostinelli, Daniele, Bacca, Mattia

论文摘要

细胞骨架凝胶是原型的,以重现维特罗的细胞骨架的机械收缩。它们由聚合物网络(骨干)组成,由于液体溶剂的存在而肿胀,活性分子(分子电机,MMS)将化学能传递到收缩的机械工作中。这些电动机连接到聚合物链上以缩短它们和/或充当动态交联,从而限制了链的热波动。我们将两种机制在热力学上描述为微结构重新配置,在该机构中,主链僵硬以激励溶剂(OUT)流动并适应收缩。通过简单的稳态能量分析,在各向同性收缩的最简单情况下,我们量化了获得收缩所需的机械能,这是聚合物链密度和分子运动密度的函数。我们确定了两种极限情况,即MMS即时提供所有可用的机械能的快速MM激活,并将聚合物留在僵硬的状态下,即它们的活性在时间尺度上发生,该时间尺度比溶剂扩散小得多,并且(SM)慢速MM激活MM激活时间更长。为了达到相同的最终合同状态,FM要求每单位参考量的工作量最多,而SM的要求最少。对于MM激活时间尺度的所有中间情况,与溶剂流量相当,所需的工作范围在两种情况下。我们提供所有这些数量作为链密度和MM密度的函数。最后,我们将结果与实验进行比较,并观察到良好的一致性。

Cytoskeletal gels are prototyped to reproduce the mechanical contraction of the cytoskeleton in-vitro. They are composed of a polymer network (backbone), swollen by the presence of a liquid solvent, and active molecules (molecular motors, MMs) that transduce chemical energy into the mechanical work of contraction. These motors attach to the polymer chains to shorten them and/or act as dynamic crosslinks, thereby constraining the thermal fluctuation of the chains. We describe both mechanisms thermodynamically as a microstructural reconfiguration, where the backbone stiffens to motivate solvent (out)flow and accommodate contraction. Via simple steady-state energetic analysis, under the simplest case of isotropic contraction, we quantify the mechanical energy required to achieve contraction as a function of polymer chain density and molecular motor density. We identify two limit cases, (fm) fast MM activation for which MMs provide all the available mechanical energy instantaneously and leave the polymer in a stiffened state, i.e. their activity occurs at a time scale that is much smaller than solvent diffusion, and (sm) slow MM activation for which the MM activation timescale is much longer. To achieve the same final contracted state, fm requires the largest amount of work per unit reference volume, while sm requires the least. For all intermediate cases where the timescale of MM activation is comparable with that of solvent flow, the required work ranges between the two cases. We provide all these quantities as a function of chain density and MM density. Finally, we compare our results with experiments and observe good agreement.

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