论文标题

量化因果出现的原因:因果结构中不确定性和不对称性的临界条件

Quantify the Causes of Causal Emergence: Critical Conditions of Uncertainty and Asymmetry in Causal Structure

论文作者

Jia, Liye, Yang, Fengyufan, Man, Ka Lok, Purwanto, Erick, Guan, Sheng-Uei, Smith, Jeremy, Yue, Yutao

论文摘要

对高级计算设备有利,越来越多地使用具有大量参数的模型来提取更多信息,以增强描述和预测目标系统模式的精度。在与深度学习相关的研究领域中,这种现象特别明显。但是,在最近的十年中,基于统计和信息理论的因果关系的调查对大型模型提出了一个有趣而有价值的挑战。具有较少参数的宏观模型可以胜过其显微镜对应物,其参数有效地代表了系统。这种有价值的情况称为“因果出现”。本文根据有效的信息和过渡概率矩阵介绍了一个量化框架,以评估因果出现的数值条件,作为其发生的理论约束。具体而言,我们的结果定量证明了因果出现的原因。通过特定的粗粒策略,在模型量表的变化中,在模型的因果结构中优化不确定性和不对称性的影响要大得多。此外,通过深入研究因果出现研究中部分信息分解和深度学习网络所表现出的潜在,我们讨论了潜在的应用程序场景,我们的量化框架可以在未来的因果出现研究中发挥作用。

Beneficial to advanced computing devices, models with massive parameters are increasingly employed to extract more information to enhance the precision in describing and predicting the patterns of objective systems. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in research domains associated with deep learning. However, investigations of causal relationships based on statistical and informational theories have posed an interesting and valuable challenge to large-scale models in the recent decade. Macroscopic models with fewer parameters can outperform their microscopic counterparts with more parameters in effectively representing the system. This valuable situation is called "Causal Emergence." This paper introduces a quantification framework, according to the Effective Information and Transition Probability Matrix, for assessing numerical conditions of Causal Emergence as theoretical constraints of its occurrence. Specifically, our results quantitatively prove the cause of Causal Emergence. By a particular coarse-graining strategy, optimizing uncertainty and asymmetry within the model's causal structure is significantly more influential than losing maximum information due to variations in model scales. Moreover, by delving into the potential exhibited by Partial Information Decomposition and Deep Learning networks in the study of Causal Emergence, we discuss potential application scenarios where our quantification framework could play a role in future investigations of Causal Emergence.

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